Genome Sequences of 16 Enterovirus Isolates from Environmental Sewage in Guatemala, 2019 to 2021.

Enteroviruses can cause human infectious disease. We report 16 near-complete genome sequences of enteroviruses that were isolated through environmental surveillance of wastewater in Guatemala.

Epidemiology of dengue fever in Guatemala.

Dengue fever occurs worldwide and about 1% of cases progress to severe haemorrhage and shock. Dengue is endemic in Guatemala and its surveillance system could document long term trends. We analysed 17 years of country-wide dengue surveillance data in Guatemala to describe epidemiological trends from 2000 to 2016.Data from the national dengue surveillance database were analysed to describe dengue serotype frequency, seasonality, and outbreaks. We used Poisson regression models to compare the number of cases each year with subsequent years and to estimate incidence ratios within serotype adjusted by age and gender. 91,554 samples were tested. Dengue was confirmed by RT-qPCR, culture or NS1-ELISA in 7097 (7.8%) cases and was IgM ELISA-positive in 19,290 (21.1%) cases. DENV1, DENV2, DENV3, and DENV4 were detected in 2218 (39.5%), 2580 (45.9%), 591 (10.5%), and 230 (4.1%) cases. DENV1 and DENV2 were the predominant serotypes, but all serotypes caused epidemics. The largest outbreak occurred in 2010 with 1080 DENV2 cases reported. The incidence was higher among adults during epidemic years, with significant increases in 2005, 2007, and 2013 DENV1 outbreaks, the 2010 DENV2 and 2003 DENV3 outbreaks. Adults had a lower incidence immediately after epidemics, which is likely linked to increased immunity.

Analytical and clinical performance of a Chikungunya qRT-PCR for Central and South America.

Chikungunya was introduced into the Americas in 2015 causing a pandemic across the continent. Testing during the acute phase of infection relies on qRT-PCR, but available assays have a number of limitations. A qRT-PCR assay specific to the chikungunya E1 gene was designed using sequence data from contemporary strains. A probit analysis established the 95% limit of detection as 19.6 copies per reaction. We compared the assay with a US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) chikungunya qRT-PCR as the reference standard. The assay had a sensitivity and specificity of 98.4% and 100% in 90 samples retrospectively collected in Guatemala. In a further 74 febrile samples prospectively collected in Ecuador and Guatemala the test had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 98.4%, respectively. Sequencing the nsp4 gene of the discordant positive sample indicated the presence of chikungunya RNA, and mismatches to the primer binding sites of the CDC assay.

Timing of influenza epidemics and vaccines in the American tropics, 2002-2008, 2011-2014.

BACKGROUND: Influenza-associated illness results in increased morbidity and mortality in the Americas. These effects can be mitigated with an appropriately chosen and timed influenza vaccination campaign. To provide guidance in choosing the most suitable vaccine formulation and timing of administration, it is necessary to understand the timing of influenza seasonal epidemics. OBJECTIVES: Our main objective was to determine whether influenza occurs in seasonal patterns in the American tropics and when these patterns occurred. METHODS: Publicly available, monthly seasonal influenza data from the Pan American Health Organization and WHO, from countries in the American tropics, were obtained during 2002-2008 and 2011-2014 (excluding unseasonal pandemic activity during 2009-2010). For each country, we calculated the monthly proportion of samples that tested positive for influenza. We applied the monthly proportion data to a logistic regression model for each country. RESULTS: We analyzed 2002-2008 and 2011-2014 influenza surveillance data from the American tropics and identified 13 (81%) of 16 countries with influenza epidemics that, on average, started during May and lasted 4 months. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of countries in the American tropics have seasonal epidemics that start in May. Officials in these countries should consider the impact of vaccinating persons during April with the Southern Hemisphere formulation.

Seroprevalencia de leptospirosis humana en un asentamiento del área urbana de la ciudad de Guatemala / Seroprevalence of human leptospirosis in a settlement of the urban area in Guatemala city

Introducción: aunque la leptospirosis es considerada una enfermedad de ambientes rurales, la reciente aparición de epidemias urbanas la hace emerger como un problema en salud pública. En Guatemala (2008), se demostró una seroprevalencia de 51,8 % en áreas rurales, por lo que es importante llevar a cabo estudios en áreas urbanas que permitan establecer el impacto que pudiera tener en la población guatemalteca. Objetivos: determinar la seroprevalencia de leptospirosis humana en un asentamiento ubicado en la ciudad de Guatemala, así como los serovares de Leptospira interrogans circulantes y los factores de riesgo asociados a la exposición con esta bacteria. Métodos: participaron 119 habitantes con 6 años y más de los 2 sexos, que aceptaron, previo consentimiento informado. Con una entrevista estructurada se recolectaron los datos sociodemográficos y las muestras de sangre venosa. La técnica de microaglutinación y ELISA IgG se utilizaron para la detección de anticuerpos. Los sueros se enfrentaron a 20 serovariedades de Leptospira interrogans sensu lato. La prevalencia se determinó con un IC95% y las variables sociodemográficas con chi cuadrado, la razón de prevalencia con Epi Info 3.5.1. Resultados: la seroprevalencia de leptospirosis en la población estudiada resultó de 30,3 %, (IC95%). Los serovares más frecuentes fueron Australis y Lanka (11,1 % ambos). El título más frecuente fue de 1:80 por microaglutinación. En la población se encontraron distintos factores de riesgo, pero ninguno mostró una asociación significativa con la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Leptospira (p> 0,05). Conclusiones: la seroprevalencia de leptospirosis detectada fue de 30,3 % en los habitantes del asentamiento ubicado en la ciudad de Guatemala, la cual es comparable a las áreas urbanas de países en donde esta enfermedad es hiperendémica, por lo que es importante implementar medidas de prevención y de control de la enfermedad en la comunidad, en forma conjunta con la municipalidad del distrito.

Introduction: although leptospirosis is considered a rural environment disease, recent urban epidemics make it emerge as a public health problem. A seroprevalence of 51.8 % has been found in rural areas of Guatemala; therefore it is important to establish the impact that this disease may have on the Guatemalan urban population. Objectives: to determine the seroprevalence of human leptospirosis in a settlement of Guatemala city and also to identify urban Leptospira interrogans serovars and risk factors associated with exposure to the bacteria. Methods: there were selected 119 people aged 6 years old and over from both sexes, who agreed to participate after giving their informed consent. Sociodemographic data were collected and venous blood samples were taken. The microagglutination test (MAT) and ELISA IgG were used to detect antibodies. Sera were tested against 20 serovars of Leptospira interrogans sensu lato. The seroprevalence was determined with a 95% confidence interval, and sociodemographic variables were evaluated with Chi square and Odds Ratio using Epi Info 3.5.1. Results: a 30.3 % seroprevalence of leptospirosis was found in the study population (CI, 95%). The more frequently serovars founded were Australis and Lanka (11.1 % each). The most common titer was 1:80 (MAT). Different risk factors were found, but none showed a significant association with the presence of Leptospira IgG antibodies (p> 0.05). Conclusion: the prevalence of IgG anti-Leptospira antibodies detected in the residents of the settlement is comparable to that of the urban areas of other countries where leptospirosis is hyperendemic. For avoiding outbreaks in these areas, it is important to prevent and control the infection in the community.

Caracterización clínica, aislamiento viral y determinación de anticuerpos en pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de dengue / Clinical characterizacion, viral isolation and antibody determination in patients clinically diagnosed with dengue

Ante el problema de salud que representa actualmnte el Dengue en nuestro país, se decidió efectuar esta investigación con el objetivo fundamental de consolidar el diagnóstico de Dengue en la Facultad de Medicina de USAC. En este estudio se observaron las principales manifestaciones clínicas de los pacientes que consultan por Dengue en la ciudad de Guatemala. Se determinó el nivel de anticuerpos y se efectuó aislamiento y serotipificación de virus. De la población estudiada, un total de 123 pacientes, presentó anticuerpos (el 23) y de éstos casos en el 60 se aisló el virus, siendo de los serotipos D1, D2 y D4. Se logró estandarizar la técnica de Mac Elisa para la determinación de anticuerpos, se implementó el método de cultivo viral en línea celular C636 así como estandarización de la técnica de inmuno fluorescencia para serotipificación viral. Un logro importante de este trabajo es ser actualmente, a nivel nacional un laboratorio de referencia para el diagnóstico de Dengue.